The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital, designated as the National Center for Excellence in Cardiology in Abu Dhabi. The hospital is composed of over 730-bed capacity. Patients who were admitted with a medical diagnosis of HF were included in the study. These patients were purposively selected based on their willingness to participate, ability to read and write either Arabic or English and having N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) level of >400 pg/ml.
However, patients with known psychiatric or cognitive impairments, cardiogenic shock (any circulation support drug or devices such as intra-aortic balloon pump/inotropes), those who could not independently perform basic self-care activities (checking and recording weight) were excluded.