We used the rota-rod test to assess the well-known motor impairment side effects of opioids. Rats were acclimatized and trained on a rotating rod (Ugo Basile, Italy) that accelerated from 0 to 30 rpm in 180 seconds. On the day of testing, rat performance on the rod was measured before (pre-drug baseline) and 45 minutes after administration of DALDA or morphine. The time (in seconds) that each animal remained on the accelerating rod without falling was recorded.19 (link),24 (link)