Signaling Pathways Modulation in Cancer

Exo2, BFA and Secin H3 were obtained from Selleckchem (Houston, TX). Salirasib and β-actin antibody were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Antibodies that recognize p-AKT, p-ERK1/2, p-STAT3, p-Src, AKT, ERK1/2, STAT3, Src and cleaved (c)-PARP were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). Ki67 and Arf1 antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Cell proliferation was determined by CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) (Promega, Madison, MI) and crystal violet staining. Apoptosis was determined by FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit with 7-AAD (BioLegend, San Diego, CA). Western blot, Arf1 activation, and Transwell invasion analyses were carried out as described previously [21 (link), 28 (link)–31 (link)].