Sodium alginate (SA, biochemical grade, MW = 438,000), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, 98%, alcoholysis degree: 87.0–89.0 mol%), hydroxyapatite (HAP, 98%), D-glucono-δ-lactone (GDL, 99%), 2-methylpyridine borane complex (2-PBC, 95%), and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD, 97%) were purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Alginate dialdehyde (ADA) with theoretical oxidation degrees of 10% was synthesized by specific oxidation of sodium periodate [67 (link)]. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were acquired by sulfuric acid hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose based on our previous report [77 (link)]. Other biochemical reagents, including MC3T3-E1 cells, culture medium, antibiotics, and assay kits, were purchased from Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd. (Waltham, MA, USA).
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