From August 2017 and November 2019, we recruited 134 adults PWH without diabetes (fasting blood glucose (FBG) <100 mg/dl and/or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <5.7%), with pre-diabetes (FBG 100-125 mg/dl and/or HbA1c 5.7-6.4%) or with diabetes (FBG ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or HbA1c ≥6.5% or on anti-diabetic medications) to the HIV, Adipose Tissue Immunology and Metabolism (HATIM) study from the Vanderbilt Comprehensive Care Clinic, an academic, urban HIV treatment facility (17 (link)). All participants were on ART combination therapy for ≥18 months, with a minimum of 12 months of sustained plasma viral suppression, a CD4+ T cell count >350 cells/μl, and no known inflammatory or rheumatologic conditions. Exclusion criteria were self-reported heavy alcohol use (>11 drinks/week), known liver cirrhosis, active hepatitis B or C, cocaine or amphetamine use, and use of corticosteroids or growth hormones. Anthropometric measurements including waist circumference, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were obtained on the day of recruitment (Table 1). Diabetic PWH were older, with significantly fewer smokers. Participants provided written informed consent, and the study was approved by the Vanderbilt University Institutional Review Board. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04451980).
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