Health service use data were obtained using the data linkage from the Queensland Hospital Admitted Patient Data Collection database and the Emergency Data Collection database that contain information on all hospital episodes of care for patients admitted to Queensland public and private hospitals. Hospital admissions were categorized as “cirrhosis admissions” based on recorded ICD‐10‐AM codes (the Australian Modification of the 10th revision of International Classification of Diseases codes) as previously described.33 Emergency presentations were categorized as “cirrhosis-related presentations” if they had a primary or other diagnosis of cirrhosis,33 cirrhosis-related diagnosis, or cirrhosis-related complications, namely chronic hepatic failure, portal hypertension, hepatorenal syndrome, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, ascites, variceal bleeding, HE, jaundice, or alcohol-associated presentation (eg, alcohol-associated hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease unspecified). Hospital data were available from CirCare recruitment to Dec-2019. The National Hospital Cost Data Collection database was the primary source of cost data for all hospital admissions at public and private hospitals. Costs included aggregated direct plus overhead costs.