Protein extractions were performed as previously described (18 (link),23 ). Primary antibodies phospho-Akt (Ser473) (catalog no. 4060; Cell Signaling Technology) and total Akt (catalog no. 2920; Cell Signaling Technology), GALE (catalog no. ab155997; Abcam), tubulin (catalog no. sc-53030; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), O-linked glycosylation (catalog no. ab2739; Abcam), and actin (catalog no. A4700; Sigma-Aldrich) were used at 1:1,000 dilutions and detected using a secondary immunoglobulin G labeled with infrared dyes emitting at 680 nm (catalog no. 926-68070 and 926-68076; LI-COR Bioscience) or 800 nm (catalog no. 926-32211; LI-COR Bioscience) (both at 1:10,000 dilutions) and then visualized on a LI-COR Odyssey infrared scanner (LI-COR Bioscience). The scanned data were analyzed using Odyssey version 3.0 software (LI-COR Bioscience).