Cells and tissues were homogenized and lysed using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen) and RNA was extracted using RNeasy Plus Mini kit columns (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The cDNAs were synthesized using the GoScriptTM reverse transcriptase kit (Promega, Madison) and assayed using the SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ II (Takara, Shiga, Japan) and gene‐specific primers listed in supplementary information Table 1 and our earlier study.44 (link) Gene expression was determined by the 2−ΔΔCt method with amplification efficiencies ranging between 90 and 110% for the target and reference genes.
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