The 4TM treatment (H6278, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved as previously described (29 (link), 68 (link)). The final solution contained 4TM (2.5 mg/ml), 5% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 1% Tween 80 in saline. Animals received 4TM (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) 2 hours after the punishment session.