Laboratory tests, including complete blood count (CBC) and liver function test, were periodically performed after LT, initially 4 times a day. The sampling interval was gradually extended to once-daily during admission. After discharge, patients were checked monthly at routine outpatient department visits.
For infection surveillance, quantitative CMV antigenemia targeting pp65 was tested using direct immunofluorescence method (CINA Kit system, Argene Biosoft, Varilhes, France) 3 times during the first week after transplantation and then weekly during hospitalization. After discharge, patients were monitored monthly during the first year after LT. CMV qPCR testing (Real-Q assay; BioSewoom, Seoul, South Korea) was performed when the patient had leukopenia, according to the clinician’s judgement.