Muscle samples were lysed and protein concentration was determined as previously described (26 (link)). Immunoblotting was performed using the following primary antibodies: pAkt Ser473, pAkt Thr308, total Akt, pSAPK/JNK Thr183/Tyr185, total JNK, SIRT1 (mouse specific), acetylated Lys, parkin, LC3, ATG12, PKC-α, PKC-δ, and PKC-θ (Cell Signaling); lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (Abcam); CD36 (R&D Systems); p62 (ProGen); PINK1 (Cayman Chemicals); PGC-1α (Millipore); and α-tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich). For protein kinase C (PKC) studies, subcellular fractionation was carried out as previously described (13 (link)).