Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were sectioned at 5-um thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or by IHC as previously described [43 (link)]. Antigen retrieval was achieved by autoclaving in citrate buffer solution (DAKO Target Antigen Retrieval) and IHC for PrPCWD was performed on an automated immunostainer (Ventana Medical Systems) using the monoclonal antibody F99/97.6.1 (VMRD) and Ultraview Red detection kit (Ventana Medical Systems). Positive and negative staining were differentiated based on comparisons with positive and negative deer control tissues included in each run, and negative control tissues showed no immunoreactivity. The extent of PrPCWD deposition in obex sections was graded (- to ++++) using previously published criteria [31 (link)].