DNA was extracted using the boiling method. The collected clinical isolates were tested for the presence of CRISPR-Cas systems (including type I-E* and type I-E CRISPR systems) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers from a previous study (Li et al., 2018 (link)). PCRs were prepared using 2 × Hieff™ PCR Master Mix (with dye) (Yeasen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (12.5 μL of Master Mix, 10 μM of each primer, and 1 μL DNA template, with a total volume of 25 μL).
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