Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBAR) level was examined to reflect the production of toxic aldehyde resulting from oxidative fatty acyl degradation, the malondialdehyde (MDA). The detailed protocol was described previously [45 (link), 46 (link)].
γ-H2AX assay of DNA damages. ARPE-19 cells were fixed in ice-cold ethanol, which were then incubated with a mouse monoclonal anti-γ-H2AX antibody (Santa Cruz Biotech). Afterwards, the FITC-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody (Santa Cruz) was then added. Cells were then subjected to FACS assay to determine the γ-H2AX percentage, reflecting DNA damage intensity [47 (link)].
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