Total RNA was isolated from whole larvae at 72 (day 3), 96 (day 4), and 120 (day 5) hpf using RNAzol RT (Molecular Research Centre, Cincinnati, OH). Each RNA sample was a composite of approximately 20–30 larvae. RNA was converted to cDNA using the Applied Biosystems High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), and qPCR for target genes was performed using Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix with a 7500 Fast Real-Time (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Primers were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA) as described previously (Cocco et al., 2017 (link); Manchanda et al., 2019 (link)). Relative gene expression was quantified using the ΔΔCt method using β-actin as a housekeeping gene for normalization (Pfaffl, 2001 (link)).