Locomotor chambers were constructed with black acrylic walls (47.5 cm length × 15.5 cm width × 30 cm height) and smooth matte black flooring. Positioned directly above each chamber were infrared video cameras hooked up to a 16-channel DVR (Swann Communications, Inc., Santa Fe Springs, CA). Locomotion was captured by the cameras and analyzed by Topscan video tracking software (Clever Sys., Inc., Reston, VA; Flagel and Robinson, 2007; Meyer et al., 2012b (link)). Condenser microphones with a flat frequency range up to 250 kHz at 8-bit resolution (Model CM16/CMPA, Avisoft Bioacoustics, Berlin, Germany), were placed 8 cm above each chamber and connected to an UltraSoundGate 416H recorder with four balanced analog inputs (Avisoft Bioacoustics, Berlin, Germany). USV recordings were converted to spectrograms and analyzed by an experimenter in Adobe Audition (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, CA).