Cells were lysed in RIPA lysis buffer with 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate and protease inhibitor cocktail (Santa Cruz Biotech, Dallas, TX, sc-24948) for 30 min at 4 °C and then centrifuged at 16,000 g for 15 min. Samples (25–50 μg of protein/lane) were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, 1704271). Blots were probed with rabbit monoclonal anti-caspase 1 (1:1000; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, ab179515), rabbit polyclonal anti-IL-1beta/IL-1F2 (1:1000; Novus Biologicals, Abingdon, UK, NB600-633), rabbit polyclonal anti-NLRP1/NALP1 (1:1000; Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, 4990S), rabbit polyclonal anti-NLRP3/NALP3 (1:2500; Novus Biologicals, NBP2-12446), and mouse monoclonal anti-ACTB/actin (1:30,000; Sigma-Aldrich, A3853). After overnight incubation at 4 °C, bound antibodies were visualized using horseradish peroxidase-coupled secondary antibodies and the Clarity™ Western ECL Substrate (Bio-Rad, 1705061) or Clarity™ Max ECL western blotting substrate (Bio-Rad, 1705062) for low protein concentrations.
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