Relative mitochondrial mass was measured by flow cytometry using 10-n-nonyl–acridine orange (NAO; Molecular Probes; 67, 88) or 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1,3,3′- tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1; Molecular Probes; 94, 111), analyzed for green fluorescence. Mitochondrial function was indirectly assessed by variation in mitochondrial transmembrane
potential measured by rhodamine 123 (14 (link), 49 (link)) and JC-1 red fluorescence.
ROS production was assessed by oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2–DCF-DA; Molecular Probes) and dihydroethidium
(DHE; Molecular Probes) to fluorescent products 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and ethidium (Eth), as measured by flow cytometry (5 (link), 44 (link), 99 (link),
127 (link)).