Assays were performed as we previously described10 (link),18 (link),43 (link). The purity of BMDMs populations was greater than 95% as determined by flow cytometry after staining cells with anti-CD11b-FITC (eBioscience) and anti-F4/80-APC (eBioscience), and the viability was greater than 99% as determined by trypan blue staining. Antibodies to the following antigens were used for immunoblotting and co-immunoprecipitation: Rac1 (EMD Millipore), Rac1/2/3, RhoGDI, AKT, p-AKT (T308), p-AKT (S473), p-GSK-3β (S9), cofilin, p-cofilin (S3), p-PAK1/2 (S144/S141), p-LIMK1 (Thr508)/LIMK2 (Thr505), ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2 (T202/Y204), p-p38 (T180/Y182), mTOR, GAPDH, integrin-β1 (Cell Signaling Technology), TIPE2 (Proteintech), Flag, actin (Sigma-Aldrich,), HA (Cell Signaling Technology). Control IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, and anti-mouse IgG-HRP (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) were also used.