Retinae and optic nerves were collected immediately after the mice were euthanized, snap frozen and placed on dry ice, and stored at −80 °C in a freezer. NP-40 extracts were prepared with Bullet blender (Next Advance, BBX24). Free fatty acids (FFA) were measured with the FFA Quantification kit as described [34 (link),55 (link)] and as per manufacturer’s instructions (Biovision, Mountain View, CA). A colorimetric assay kit for acetylcholinesterase activity was used as directed per manufacturer (Biovision) and previously described [34 (link)]. Data were normalized against protein amounts in NP40-solubilized tissue extracts used for each assay. Protein concentrations of NP40-solubilized extracts were determined by the Bradford assay (BioRad).