Methods have been described previously.15 (link)–17 (link) In brief, after each treatment, whole-cell lysates were prepared by sonication in Cellytic MT buffer (Sigma-Aldrich) with protease/phosphatase inhibitors (Cell Signaling Technology) and cleared by centrifugation. Samples consisting of 40 µg proteins were resolved on a denaturing 4%–20% SDS-PAGE gel (Bio-Rad) and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes by electroblotting. Membranes were then blocked in PBS blocking buffer (Li-Cor) for 1 hour and incubated with specific primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. Blots were then incubated with species-specific secondary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology). Signals were detected by a chemiluminescence reagent and analyzed with ImageJ software.