Cell culture components were from Gibco Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Sm1.2 anti-IGF-I antibody were from Sigma Millipore (Temecula, CA). Recombinant human TGF-β1 and Quantikine IGF-I ELISA kits were from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Etoposide was obtained from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY). Total IGFBP-4 ELISA kits and monoclonal antibody generated against a unique exosite in PAPP-A (mAb-1/41) (Mikkelsen et al., 2008 (link); Mikkelsen et al., 2014 (link)) were obtained from Ansh Labs (Webster, TX).