Cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion (Life Technologies) and caspase-cleaved CK18 immunostaining (cytoDEATH M30, 0.5 μg/ml, Roche) according to the manufacturers' protocols. Briefly, a 0.4% solution of trypan blue was added to the cell suspension at 0.04% final concentration. Blue-stained cells and total cells were counted immediately under a low-power microscope. Caspase-cleaved CK18 immunostaining was performed as previously described [30 (link)].
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