Ca2+ imaging was performed according to a previously published protocol69 (link). Briefly, cells were loaded with 5 mM of fluo-4 fluorescent Ca2+ indicator (Molecular Probes) in the presence of Pluronic F-127 (Molecular Probes) to allow the recording of intracellular Ca2+-transients. For pacing, scaffolds were plated on a 35-mm optical plate (Matek) with field stimulation electrodes (RC-37FS; Warner Instruments) and paced using a stimulus isolation unit (SIU-102; Warner Instruments), by applying 5 ms-suprathreshold bipolar stimulation pulses up to 50 mA. Intracellular Ca2+-transients were recorded using a Zeiss laser-scanning confocal imaging system (Fluo-view; Olympus) mounted on an upright BX51WI Olympus microscope equipped with a X60 water objective. Data were analyzed utilizing a MatLab-based custom-written software.
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