One of four dentists (SM, DE, KI, or TA) recorded the oral health status of participants. The DMFT score was used to evaluate dental caries status based on the World Health Organization caries diagnostic criteria
[20 ]. Periodontal condition was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI)
[20 ]. Ten teeth were selected for periodontal examination: two molars in each posterior sextant and the upper right and lower left central incisors. Measurements were made using a CPI probe (YDM, Tokyo, Japan) at six sites (mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, disto-buccal, disto-lingual, mid-lingual, and mesio-lingual) per tooth. The percentage of teeth exhibiting bleeding on probing (%BOP) was calculated
[21 (link)]. BOP is an earlier and more sensitive indicator of inflammation than probing pocket depth or visual signs of inflammation (redness and swelling). Thus, we assessed %BOP as an indicator of periodontal disease or gingivitis in this study
[21 (link)]. The level of dental plaque and calculus was assessed using the Oral Hygiene Index-simplified (OHI-S)
[21 (link)]. The index has two components: Debris index-simplified and Calculus index-simplified. The degree of debris and calculus deposition was graded on a numeric scale from 0 to 3, divided by the number of sites recorded. The areas examined were the buccal of upper first molar, upper right incisor, and left incisor, and the lingual of lower first molar. Intra- and inter-examiner agreement for the oral examination (score of DMFT and probing pocket depth) was good, as indicated by kappa statistics of more than 0.8.
For malocclusion, a modified version of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used for each participant. A previous study suggested that the modified IOTN is useful for screening malocclusion by non-specialists in oral health surveys
[22 (link)]. The dental health component of the modified IOTN consists of a two-grade scale (0 = no definite need for orthodontic treatment and 1 = definite need for orthodontic treatment) with no subcategories. The four dentists, who are not orthodontists, assessed the modified IOTN. In a preliminary check, the kappa value was more than 0.80.
[20 ]. Periodontal condition was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI)
[20 ]. Ten teeth were selected for periodontal examination: two molars in each posterior sextant and the upper right and lower left central incisors. Measurements were made using a CPI probe (YDM, Tokyo, Japan) at six sites (mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, disto-buccal, disto-lingual, mid-lingual, and mesio-lingual) per tooth. The percentage of teeth exhibiting bleeding on probing (%BOP) was calculated
[21 (link)]. BOP is an earlier and more sensitive indicator of inflammation than probing pocket depth or visual signs of inflammation (redness and swelling). Thus, we assessed %BOP as an indicator of periodontal disease or gingivitis in this study
[21 (link)]. The level of dental plaque and calculus was assessed using the Oral Hygiene Index-simplified (OHI-S)
[21 (link)]. The index has two components: Debris index-simplified and Calculus index-simplified. The degree of debris and calculus deposition was graded on a numeric scale from 0 to 3, divided by the number of sites recorded. The areas examined were the buccal of upper first molar, upper right incisor, and left incisor, and the lingual of lower first molar. Intra- and inter-examiner agreement for the oral examination (score of DMFT and probing pocket depth) was good, as indicated by kappa statistics of more than 0.8.
For malocclusion, a modified version of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used for each participant. A previous study suggested that the modified IOTN is useful for screening malocclusion by non-specialists in oral health surveys
[22 (link)]. The dental health component of the modified IOTN consists of a two-grade scale (0 = no definite need for orthodontic treatment and 1 = definite need for orthodontic treatment) with no subcategories. The four dentists, who are not orthodontists, assessed the modified IOTN. In a preliminary check, the kappa value was more than 0.80.
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