According to the Krickenbeck classification [21 (link)], patients with rectoperineal fistula or rectovestibular fistula were classified as mild CARM; other types of CARM were classified as complex form [20 (link)].
Referring to the echocardiography results, we also distinguished three forms of CHD based on the presence and severity: no CHD (no abnormality), minor CHD (incomplete foramen ovale closure with a significant shunt, secundum atrial septal defect, and/or small ventricular septal defect), and major CHD (the remaining defects) [20 (link), 22 (link), 23 (link)]. Furthermore, we defined self-healing of CHD as: the abnormal cardiac anatomy, which met the diagnostic criteria for CHD, disappeared spontaneously as confirmed by color Doppler echocardiography during the follow-up period.
Furthermore, we assessed the presence of multiple congenital disorders (MCD). MCD was defined as the presence of three or more congenital malformations, including CARM, or if they had a syndrome that was confirmed by a clinical geneticist [1 (link), 2 (link), 20 (link)].
Referring to the echocardiography results, we also distinguished three forms of CHD based on the presence and severity: no CHD (no abnormality), minor CHD (incomplete foramen ovale closure with a significant shunt, secundum atrial septal defect, and/or small ventricular septal defect), and major CHD (the remaining defects) [20 (link), 22 (link), 23 (link)]. Furthermore, we defined self-healing of CHD as: the abnormal cardiac anatomy, which met the diagnostic criteria for CHD, disappeared spontaneously as confirmed by color Doppler echocardiography during the follow-up period.
Furthermore, we assessed the presence of multiple congenital disorders (MCD). MCD was defined as the presence of three or more congenital malformations, including CARM, or if they had a syndrome that was confirmed by a clinical geneticist [1 (link), 2 (link), 20 (link)].
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