The cellulose of the biofilm on the coverslips was washed with PBS three times to remove the planktonic bacteria. The coverslips were then placed at 60 °C for 1 h to fix the biofilm and then stained with 0.1 mg/mL calcofluor white for 20 min in a dark room. After being washed with PBS three times, the biofilm was observed with a fluorescence microscope (SUNNY ICX41, Yuyao, China).
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