Perceived discrimination was measured with the 30-item Multiple Discrimination Scale (MDS), which assesses discrimination due to three types of co-occurring stigmas among Black MSM (HIV-serostatus, African American/Black race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation) (Bogart, Wagner, et al., 2010 (link)). Participants reported whether they experienced 10 different discrimination events in the past year for each of the three discrimination types, with response options “yes” and “no.” MDS items cover violence (verbal, physical, property; e.g., “In the past year, were you physically assaulted or beaten up because someone knew or suspected that you are HIV-positive?”); institutional discrimination (employment, housing, health care; e.g., “In the past year, were you denied a job or did you lose a job because you are Black/African American?”), and interpersonal discrimination (from close others, partners, strangers, in general; e.g., “In the past year, were you ignored, excluded, or avoided by people close to you because someone thought that you were gay?”). The scale uses parallel items to capture discrimination due to HIV-serostatus (MDS-HIV; α = .85), African-American/Black race/ethnicity (MDS-Black; α = .83), and sexual orientation (MDS-Gay; α = .86). The MDS has been shown to have strong construct validity and reliability; it has been significantly associated with validated discrimination and internalized stigma measures from prior research (Berger, Ferrans, & Lashley, 2001 (link); Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 2009 ; Kalichman, et al., 2009 (link); Landrine & Klonoff, 1996 ), as well as disease symptoms and adherence to antiretroviral treatment for HIV (Bogart, Wagner, et al., 2010 (link)).