Frozen sections of large intestine were prepared at 8μm thickness and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. Sections were counterstained with 4′6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) and mounted using Fluoromount-G (Southern Biotechnology). Monoclonal antibodies were as listed in Table 1. Confocal images were obtained using a Leica TCS-SP2 microscope equipped with 405, 488, 594 and 647 nm lasers and image analysis was done in Adobe Photoshop.
Skin was fixed in neutral buffered formalin (Sigma) and tissue sections were stained with H&E for histopathology analysis. Epidermal and scale thickness was quantified as previously described (17 (link)).