Mental Rotation Tasks (Vandenberg & Kuse, 1978 (link)) were adopted in this study. It was used to assess children’s general intelligence and spatial cognitive abilities. More specifically, it examines whether children are capable to transform a visual image in a 3-dimensional (3D) space. Figure 3 shows an example of a mental rotation task. Children were first shown a reference image of a 3D object and were then asked to identify which of the four options best matches a rotated version of the object pictured in the reference image. A total of 15 trials were included in the current study. Vandenberg and Kuse (1978 (link)) summarized the literature and found the test–retest reliability estimates ranged from 0.70 to 0.83 and validity evidence was supported by moderate correlations with other tests of spatial visualization, such as Identical Blocks Test (r = 0.54), Chair-Window Test (r = 0.45), and Spatial Relations subtest of the Differential Abilities Test (r = 0.50).![]()
An example of Mental Rotation Tasks
