Corneal TER was measured as previously described [16] (link). Briefly, a 1.0-mm-diameter Ag/AgCl electrode (Physiotech, Tokyo, Japan) was inserted into the anterior chamber through a small incision in the peripheral cornea, which had been made with an 18-gauge sharp needle (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan). Using biomedical adhesive (Alon-Alpha A; Sankyo), a 6.0-mm-internal diameter (0.28-cm2 inner area) nitrile rubber O-ring (Union Packing; SAN-EI, Osaka, Japan) was fixed on the cornea. Then, 60 μL of HBSS was placed inside the ring at the center of the cornea, and the other electrode was carefully placed on the cornea. The TER was measured using a volt-ohm meter (EVOMX, World precision Instruments, Saeasota, FL), which generates ±20-μA alternating current (AC) square wave current at 12.5 Hz, and data were recorded using a thermal arraycorder (WR 300-8; Graphtech, Tokyo, Japan).
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