A cross-sectional analysis of the data collected during the baseline visit of the ongoing “San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS) was performed. It included overweight (i.e. Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 but ≤ 29.9 kg/m2) or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) individuals aged 40 to 65 years resident in the San Juan municipality and its vicinity (WHO, 2000 (link)); (1998 (link)). At baseline, participants were free of diabetes (ascertained by self-report of physician-diagnosed type 1 or type 2 diabetes or use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents). Additional exclusion criteria at baseline included: 1) less than four natural teeth or braces or orthodontic appliances; 2) pregnancy; 3) cardiovascular and other health conditions which could increase the risk of systemic complications from the periodontal exam; 4) active dialysis treatment; 5) active anticoagulant therapy; 6) prescribed antibiotic prophylaxis before periodontal procedures; 7) procedures related to cardiovascular disease; 8) hipbone or other joint replacement surgery; or 9) planning on moving away in the next three-year period.
A total of 1,931 adults, recruited through different means of mass media, were eligible from the screening interview, of which 1,610 were scheduled for the baseline visit. A total of 1,451 were willing to participate in the study and attended the baseline visit. During the visit, 100 participants were further ineligible, and 145 had a provisional diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (fasting serum glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, two-hour oral glucose tolerance ≥ 200 mg/dL, or glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5%). Participants with a provisional diagnosis of type 2 diabetes underwent the same study procedures that non-diabetic participants performed except those which could pose safety risks, such as the OGTT measures, and they were counted in the present study. Of the remaining 1,351 participants, 51 had incomplete data on the study major components leaving a final sample of 1,300 participants with complete information. The University of Puerto Rico Institutional Review Board approved the study, and all participants signed the informed consent.
A total of 1,931 adults, recruited through different means of mass media, were eligible from the screening interview, of which 1,610 were scheduled for the baseline visit. A total of 1,451 were willing to participate in the study and attended the baseline visit. During the visit, 100 participants were further ineligible, and 145 had a provisional diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (fasting serum glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, two-hour oral glucose tolerance ≥ 200 mg/dL, or glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5%). Participants with a provisional diagnosis of type 2 diabetes underwent the same study procedures that non-diabetic participants performed except those which could pose safety risks, such as the OGTT measures, and they were counted in the present study. Of the remaining 1,351 participants, 51 had incomplete data on the study major components leaving a final sample of 1,300 participants with complete information. The University of Puerto Rico Institutional Review Board approved the study, and all participants signed the informed consent.
