Human Tfh cells were generated as previously described42 (link). Briefly, after overnight stimulation of naive CD4+ T cells with Dynabeads human T cell activator CD3/CD28 (Thermo Fisher) in complete RPMI medium, cells were transferred to 96-well plates coated with anti-CD3 and supplemented with 2 μg/ml of soluble anti-CD28 mAb (Biolegend), human recombinant IL-23 (25 ng/ml; Biolegend) and human recombinant TGFβ1 (5 ng/ml; Biolegend). After 4 d cells were collected and used for analysis.