HEK293FT or DC2.4 (SCC142, Millipore) cells were cultured in DMEM supplied with 10% FBS (GIBCO) and penicillin–streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific). VCAM1, Il1b, Tnf, Il23, Ppara, Rara, IFNG, RORC and IL12RB promoter reporter plasmids expressing gaussia luciferase were acquired from GeneCopoeia; pGud-Luc has been described previously91 (link),92 (link). Reporters were transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 (11668019, Thermo Fisher Scientific). To evaluate AHR promoter activity, cells were stimulated with vehicle, propyzamide (10 μM), FICZ (0.5 μM) or a combination of propyzamide and FICZ. To evaluate VCAM1 promoter activity, cells were stimulated with vehicle or propyzamide for 2 more days before medium collection. CEBPB plasmid (15738, Addgene) or pGL4.54[luc2/TK] vector (E506A, Promega) were co-transfected to evaluate C/EBPβ binding to the Il1b, Tnf, Il23, RORC, IL12RB1 or IFNG promoters. Luciferase activity was evaluated using the Gaussia Luciferase Flash Assay Kit (16159, Thermo Fisher Scientific).