HIV testing was performed according to a sequential testing algorithm incorporating three rapid enzyme immunoassay kits. CD4+-T lymphocyte counts were measured in all HIV-infected patients. Sputum specimens were collected at enrollment (on the morning after hospital admission) and on the subsequent morning. In addition, HIV-infected patients with negative CM results underwent bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) if referred by the treating ward physician. BAL samples were examined for the presence of mycobacteria, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and other fungal pathogens.