Patients received CIRT at QST Hospital, Japan, according to a comprehensive treatment protocol reported previously [12 (link),13 (link),14 (link),15 (link)]. CIRT targeting the prostate gland and seminal vesicle was administered once a day for 4 days per week. The radiation dose was measured in Gy (RBE) (physical carbon ion dose [Gy] × RBE). The RBE value for CIRT was estimated as 3.0 at the distal portion of the spread-out Bragg peak in prior investigations [12 (link),13 (link),14 (link),15 (link)]. The following dose fractionation scheme was employed in this study: 63.0 Gy (RBE) administered over 20 fractions (77 cases), 57.6 Gy (RBE) administered over 16 fractions (298 cases), and 51.6 Gy (RBE) administered over 12 fractions (295 cases).
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