Time-lapse microscopy was performed using a Carl Zeiss microscope essentially as previously described (Daley et al., 2009 (link)). Bright-field images were captured every 5 min for 24 h using a Zeiss Cell Observer Z1 fitted with an environmental chamber using AxioVision software (SE64 release 4.9.1; Carl Zeiss) at 5× (Plan Neo, NA 0.16) or 20× (Plan Neo, NA 0.5) magnification. For cleft measurements, TIFF images were imported into MetaVue (version 7.7.5.0; Molecular Devices). Morphometric measurements were acquired using the line tool from calibrated images of 12 clefts from six glands grown under each growth condition.