Glioma tissues and corresponding genomic data and patient follow-up information were obtained from Beijing Tiantan Hospital at Capital Medical University, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Sanbo Brain Hospital at Capital Medical University, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, and the First Hospital of China Medical University. According to the pathological reassessment of independent neuropathologists, all the subjects were consistently diagnosed with glioma and were then further classified according to the 2007/2016 WHO classification system. The specimens were collected according to protocols approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Beijing Tiantan Hospital (Approval No. IRB KY2013-017-01) and frozen in liquid nitrogen within 5 min of resection.
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