The study design was retrospective cohort study. The study proposal was approved by The Human Research Ethics Committee of Thammasat University (Medicine). The patients, who presented with symptomatic GS or complications of GS, then underwent LC since January 2017 to December 2021 in service of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplantation unit in surgery department of Thammasat University Hospital, were considered to be enrolled into this study. The electronic medical record was thoroughly reviewed.
The important information including demographic data, clinical presentation, laboratory results, and radiological findings was collected. The operative time, intraoperative findings, perioperative complications, and conversion to open surgery were reviewed from operative notes. The laparoscopic procedure was carried out through three or four small incisions at umbilical and right upper quadrant areas. The operative time was counted from the opening of the first port-site incision to the closure of the last surgical wounds.
Some cases might be excluded because of the following reasons: (1) patients who underwent LC with other indication such as gallbladder polyp, (2) LC was performed in emergency setting for treatment of acute cholecystitis, and (3) there were any other procedures performed in the same setting of LC such as intraoperative ERCP. By the perioperative information, the patients were categorized into three groups by difficulty grading as given inTable 2 .
The univariate analysis was performed using chi-square test for categorical data and Student's t-test for continuous data to define the significant factors affecting on very difficult LC and converted cases. Then multivariate analysis was carried out for both outcomes. Thereafter, the preoperative predictive scores of each patient were calculated using the original Randhawa scoring systems and also the modification of Tongyoo et al. The comparison between scores from both models was performed by many methods such as paired t-test, correlation coefficient, and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. All of statistical analyses were performed by IBM SPSS® Statistics version 20 and their results were determined to be significant at P < .05.
The important information including demographic data, clinical presentation, laboratory results, and radiological findings was collected. The operative time, intraoperative findings, perioperative complications, and conversion to open surgery were reviewed from operative notes. The laparoscopic procedure was carried out through three or four small incisions at umbilical and right upper quadrant areas. The operative time was counted from the opening of the first port-site incision to the closure of the last surgical wounds.
Some cases might be excluded because of the following reasons: (1) patients who underwent LC with other indication such as gallbladder polyp, (2) LC was performed in emergency setting for treatment of acute cholecystitis, and (3) there were any other procedures performed in the same setting of LC such as intraoperative ERCP. By the perioperative information, the patients were categorized into three groups by difficulty grading as given in
The univariate analysis was performed using chi-square test for categorical data and Student's t-test for continuous data to define the significant factors affecting on very difficult LC and converted cases. Then multivariate analysis was carried out for both outcomes. Thereafter, the preoperative predictive scores of each patient were calculated using the original Randhawa scoring systems and also the modification of Tongyoo et al. The comparison between scores from both models was performed by many methods such as paired t-test, correlation coefficient, and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. All of statistical analyses were performed by IBM SPSS® Statistics version 20 and their results were determined to be significant at P < .05.
