In principle, our model is intended to encompass as comprehensive a range of characteristics of the urban environment as possible, thereby ensuring that consideration of any associated impacts on health in decisions relating to urban development are as complete as possible. In order to achieve this the extent was scoped in the first instance by adopting the categories defined by the Health Map, (24 (link)), a classification of the health determinants associated with the planning of human settlements published by the Royal Society for the Promotion of Public Health, and offering a comprehensive coverage of socio-environmental issues relating to urban planning and design. This classification was validated against similar classifications assembled in five other checklists including: Public Health England's Topics (25 ), Vancouver Healthy Toolkit (26 ), BREEAM Communities (27 ), HUDU Rapid HIA (28 ) and Egan Review (29 ) (see Supplementary material ).
We then grouped the 23 aspects of the urban environment in the Health Map into five main “typologies” of urban form (or areas of search): natural environment, buildings, neighborhood design, transport and food; climate change was categorized as a “multiplier” of each element of urban form (Figure 1 ). Six areas from the Health Map were excluded as they are not explicitly related to elements of the urban form: living, wealth creation, resilient markets, social capital, social networks, work-life balance (as shown in gray in Figure 1 ).
We then grouped the 23 aspects of the urban environment in the Health Map into five main “typologies” of urban form (or areas of search): natural environment, buildings, neighborhood design, transport and food; climate change was categorized as a “multiplier” of each element of urban form (
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