To determine the fouling behavior
of fabricated ceramic membranes, the same cross-flow filtration test
mechanism was used as previously described in earlier sections. To
prepare three different fouling test solutions, 1 mg mL–1 of BSA as a fouling agent was dissolved in 100 mL PBS. Acidities
of test solutions were set to different pH values by dropwise addition
of 0.25 M HCl and 0.25 M NaOH solutions. To ensure complete fouling
during tests, acidity of the first solution was set to pH 5.5, and
to ensure complete antifouling during tests the basicity of the second
solution was set to pH 9.5. For the determination of fouling behavior
at physiological alkalinity, the third solution was balanced at pH
7.5 with the aforementioned approach. Before the fouling tests, the
solution feed rate was calibrated to 50 mL min–1 on the peristaltic pump. After the solution was initialized into
the system and the first permeate was observed, the permeating solution
was weighed with a high-precision scale for 1 min for each timepoint.
The measurements were recorded every 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min
after the first permeate. After the tests had been continued overnight,
samples were collected every 16 and 24 h after the first permeate.
of fabricated ceramic membranes, the same cross-flow filtration test
mechanism was used as previously described in earlier sections. To
prepare three different fouling test solutions, 1 mg mL–1 of BSA as a fouling agent was dissolved in 100 mL PBS. Acidities
of test solutions were set to different pH values by dropwise addition
of 0.25 M HCl and 0.25 M NaOH solutions. To ensure complete fouling
during tests, acidity of the first solution was set to pH 5.5, and
to ensure complete antifouling during tests the basicity of the second
solution was set to pH 9.5. For the determination of fouling behavior
at physiological alkalinity, the third solution was balanced at pH
7.5 with the aforementioned approach. Before the fouling tests, the
solution feed rate was calibrated to 50 mL min–1 on the peristaltic pump. After the solution was initialized into
the system and the first permeate was observed, the permeating solution
was weighed with a high-precision scale for 1 min for each timepoint.
The measurements were recorded every 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min
after the first permeate. After the tests had been continued overnight,
samples were collected every 16 and 24 h after the first permeate.
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