Cholangiocytes were obtained by immunoaffinity separation (4 (link)). The in vitro studies were performed in vector or Sct stable-transfected IMCL (4 (link)). The IMCL control (stable transfected with the empty vector) or IMCL lacking Sct was established using SureSilencing short hairpin RNA (Super-Array, Frederick, MD) plasmid for mouse Sct containing a marker for neomycin resistance for the selection of stably transfected cells. The human hepatic stellate cells (HHSteC) were purchased from Sciencell (Carlsbad, CA).