GBC cells were cultured, and 1 × 106 cells were collected. Annexin V / propidium iodide (PI) staining procedures were performed according to the following reference [34 (link)]. Apoptosis was detected with flow cytometer (FACS420, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). Xenografted tumors in BALB/C nude mice were paraffin-embedded, sectioned and subjected to TUNEL assay (Maxim Biotech Inc., Fuzhou, China) to detect cell apoptosis [33 (link)]. The proportions of positive cells in each slice were counted within five high-power fields under microscope.
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