Metabolite analyzes were conducted using 1 g of the collected rhizosphere soil following the sample pretreatment protocol described in Qi et al.. (2022).30 (link) LC-MS/MS analyses were performed on a UHPLC system (1290, Agilent Technologies, USA) coupled to a TripleTOF 6600 system (QTOF, AB Sciex) operating in EI mode; three biological replicates were performed. The settings and other experimental details were previously described.31 (link),32 (link) Significant differences in metabolites were investigated by calculating variable importance in projection (VIP) values in the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model. The variables were evaluated for significance with the Student’s t-test, and significant differences between the two control groups (VIP>1 and p < 0.05) were retained.33 (link) Metabolites with substantial contributions to the rhizosphere soil were identified using the random forest approach; CCA and RDA analyzes were performed to explore the relationship between microorganisms present and changes in metabolite concentrations.