The vesicle morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size distributions and zeta potentials of the vesicles were evaluated using a 90Plus/BI-MAS instrument (Brookhaven Instruments Co., USA). The phase transition temperature (Tm) was examined using a NETZSCH STA 449 F3 Jupiter® instrument. UV/Vis absorption spectra were measured using a Varian 4000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Western blotting was used to show the functional conservation of PLT biomarkers according to our previous method 27 (link). Proteins were extracted from PLT and TSPs. Protein solutions (not at the same concentration) were separated using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. After a blocking step with 5% skim milk, the membrane was incubated with the primary antibody at 4 °C followed by incubation with the secondary antibody at room temperature. The bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) plus detection system (GE Healthcare). To verify the right-side-out membrane orientation of the PM in TSPs, we incubated TSPs with FITC-labeled antibodies against P-selection and CD47. Subsequently, the incubated TSPs were purified through a sepharose column, and their fluorescence intensities were detected. For the control, DMLs were also evaluated.