HA-iMSC-EVs were incubated with 1 μg/mL DiR or DiD buffer according to the protocol provided by Lipophilic Tracers (Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) as described previously [34 (link)]. 500 μg of DiR-labeled HA-iMSC-EVs were resuspended in 0.05 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and intravenously or intramyocardially injected into rats. DiR-labeled HA-iMSC-EVs were detected at 6 and 24 h using an In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) or neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) were treated with DiD-labeled HA-iMSC-EVs. After 24 h, DiD-labeled HA-iMSC-EVs were observed under a Nikon Eclipse Ti2-U fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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