Generating Malaria Sporozoites from Mosquitoes

For P. falciparum sporozoites, female A. gambiae (Keele strain) or A. stephensi (Liston strain) were fed through an artificial membrane on a blood culture containing either P. falciparum NF54 (BEI Resources, MRA-1000) or 3D7HT-GFP (BEI Resources, MRA-1029) gametocytes (mature gametocytes were adjusted to 0.3% in 50% human red blood cells (O+) containing 50% human serum (O+); please refer to the ethics statement) at the Malaria Research Institute at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health as previously described^{58 (link)–60 (link)}. P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes were wing-clipped at Johns Hopkins University and transferred to Yale University for sporozoite cell traversal studies.