Five canonical characteristics of ferroptosis were detected, including cellular concentrations of iron and malondialdehyde (MDA), GPx and GST activities, and mitochondrial morphology. For the iron, MDA and GSH-oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content assay, an Iron Colorimetric Assay Kit (Elabscience, E-BC-K139-S), a Lipid Peroxidation MDA Assay Kit (Beyotime, S0131S), and a GSH and GSSG Assay Kit (Beyotime, S0053) were used according to the manufacturer protocols. GPx and GST activity assays were performed using a glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, A005-1-2) and GST activity assay kit (BC0355, Solarbio, Beijing, China) following manufacturer protocols. Morphological observations of mitochondria were conducted using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) FEI Tecnai F20 (FEI, Netherlands) as previously described (57 (link)).
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