Using a protein extraction kit (Applygen Technologies), total protein was extracted and the concentration of protein was determined by a BCA protein assay kit (Applygen Technologies). Western blot analysis was performed routinely (10 (link)), with primary antibodies against NDUFA10 (Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Calif), adenosine triphosphate synthase δ-subunit (ATP 5D) (Abcam), Sirt1, Sirt3, SDHA, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved caspase-3, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, Mass). Enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Applygen Technologies, Beijing, China) was used to detect the bands. Band intensity was expressed as mean area density using Quantity One image analyzer software (Bio-Rad, Richmond, Calif) for quantification.