Seven-to-eight-week-old female mice (B6J) were treated for 10 consecutive days with ampicillin (1 g l−1; A0166 Sigma), vancomycin (500 mg l−1; A1839,0001 Applichem), neomycin sulfate (1 g l−1; 4801 Applichem), and metronidazole (1 g l−1; H60258 Alfa Aesar) in autoclaved drinking water, as previously described41 (link). Water bottles were monitored and refilled twice per week.
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